Colon cancer, which appears in the large intestine, affects many people each year. This disease originates when cells in the colon or rectum grow out of control. While lifestyle and environmental factors play a role, genetics also have a significant connection to its development. Here is more information on the genetic factors of colon cancer:
Inherited Traits Increase Risk
Your family’s medical history offers clues about your own health future. Genetic mutations passed down through generations may elevate the probability of developing cancer, which means some individuals have a predisposition. Doctors use this information to recommend screening schedules, so sharing your family health history with your provider is a proactive step.
Linked Genes and Syndromes
Genetic testing is a tool that identifies mutations in your DNA. Several inherited syndromes are connected to a higher risk of colon cancer because they involve mutations in specific genes responsible for cell growth and repair. Understanding these connections helps doctors and patients form a plan for monitoring and early detection.
Certain gene mutations disrupt the normal cell cycle. For some, specific genes act as tumor suppressors; when altered, they lose their ability to control cell division effectively. This malfunction permits abnormal cells to multiply, potentially leading to the formation of polyps and, eventually, cancerous tumors.
Multiple genes can lead to cancer syndromes. This includes the genes connected to Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) and Lynch syndrome. A genetic counselor may discuss testing for these mutations if your family history shows a pattern of colon cancer.
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) is a disorder characterized by the growth of hundreds or thousands of polyps in the colon and rectum. These polyps typically begin to appear during the teenage years. Although the polyps start as benign growths, there is a nearly 100 percent chance that some will develop into cancer if the colon is not removed. Mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene, a tumor suppressor gene, may cause FAP.
Linked to Lynch Syndrome
Lynch syndrome is another inherited condition that may increase the risk of many types of cancer, including colon cancer. Individuals with Lynch syndrome tend to develop cancer at a younger age than the general population. A mutation in one of several different mismatch repair (MMR) genes causes this syndrome.
These MMR genes are responsible for correcting errors that occur during DNA replication, and a mutation in one of them can lead to errors. A buildup of DNA errors in a colon cell may lead to uncontrolled growth and tumor development. The risk of colon cancer for people with Lynch syndrome may be significantly higher than average, and it requires screening. The genes typically associated with this syndrome include:
- MLH1
- MSH2
- MSH6
- PMS2
Get Treated for Colon Cancer
Early detection with regular screenings, such as colonoscopies, is the ideal way to find and remove precancerous polyps. If you have concerns about your family history or genetic risk, the first step is to speak with a healthcare professional. Schedule an appointment with a colorectal specialist today to discuss your personal and family medical history.
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